Dell Optiplex P4-3.2Ghz (512M, 40G HDD, DVD-CD, 10/100 NIC)
HP P4-3.0 MT-Blk (512M, 80G, CD-RW, 64M Video Card, 10/100 NIC)
Dell P4-2.4 MT-Blk (256M, 40G, 32M GTS AGP, DVD-CD, 10/100 NIC)
Dell Optiplex P3-800 (256M, 10G, 16M PCI VGA, 20/48X, 10/100 NIC)
Dell Optiplex P4-1.7 MT-Blk (256M, 20G, 32M GTS AGP, 16X DVD, 10/100 NIC)
P3-800 (256M, 10G, 16M PCI VGA, 20/48X, 10/100 NIC)

MAc G 4
Mac G 5

 IBM Mobile Pentium-4 3.06 (256M, 40G, CD-RW/DVD65K)
Dell Inspirion P4-2.8 (256M, 30G, DVD-CD,10/100NIC, 56K, Snd)
HP P4-2.8 (256M, 30G, 24XCD-RW, 8X DVD, 56K,10/100NIC, Snd)
Dell Inspirion P4-2.4ghz (256M, 30G, DVD-CD,10/100NIC, 56K, Snd)
Dell Inspirion P4-2ghz (256M, 20G, DVD-CD, 10/100NIC, 56K, Snd)

MAC Powerbook G 4

Five ways to improve data protection and backup with less tape.
STRATEGY #1: REPLICATE

Replication provides a live mirror image of whatever is being backed up. When a server, storage unit, or SAN fails, its mirror copy kicks in and takes over. Synchronous replication provides immediate restoration of data and applications and near-zero data loss for physical errors. Semisynchronous replication lets you preset values for how many I/O operations or for how long the replicated site can be out of sync with the source. Asynchronous replication lets you schedule data transfers at regular intervals, such as every minute or hour.

The downside of synchronous replication is that it requires a lot of bandwidth, especially for server-to-server replication. If you have a low bandwidth connection, then synchronous replication isn't an optionÑthe link is too slow to keep pace with the changes that must be tracked. Synchronous replication is also, generally speaking, the most expensive way to back up. Asynchronous replication is easier on the budget and network, but it provides a longer recovery point objective, performing more like traditional scheduled backup.

There are many replication options out there, depending on what you need to replicate. NSI Software, Software Pursuits, Veritas Software, and XOsoft make replication software for Windows servers. A number of vendors, including Topio, Kashya, and FalconStor, have built SAN replication products around Cisco Systems' Storage Services Module and SANTap protocol for MDS 9000 switches. EMC provides replication software for Clariion, Symmetrix, SANs, and Exchange and SQL servers. HP's StorageWorks Data Replication Manager works with almost all types of servers. IBM offers database replication as well as mirroring for its Enterprise Storage Servers. Hitachi Data Systems' TrueCopy Remote Replication Software works with EMC and IBM, as well as Hitachi storage systems with the TagmaStore Universal Storage Platform. EqualLogic provides replication with its IP SANs. Signiant offers replication software that's OEMed by software vendors such as Adaptec and Pillar Data Systems. InMage Systems provides block- and file-level replication software suited to databases and e-mail servers. Network Appliance's SnapMirror software mirrors data to network filers. Riverbed Technology's Steelhead appliance is intended to replicate large data repositories over a WAN.

STRATEGY #2: PROTECT DATA CONTINUOUSLY

Pure Continuous Data Protection (CDP) backs up all protected data whenever a change is made, capturing and time-stamping every transaction. It creates an electronic journal of complete storage snapshots, with one snapshot for every instant in time that data modification occurs. Some solutions also catalog file changes to create a journal or index of the various versions.

CDP offers the ability to set and achieve recovery point objectives. If a virus brings a server down at 11:00 a.m. and the recovery point objective is 30 minutes, the administrator should be able to set the CDP server's clock back to 10:30 a.m. and all should proceed normally from that point.

At Baptist Memorial Health Care, a recent crash of the Oracle financial system tested the organization's Revivio CDP appliance. Weiss, the systems manager, rolled the system back to 10 minutes before the crash, when he could be certain all the data was validated. The application was recovered and running again in 10 minutes. "It saved our financial system," he says.

On the downside, CDP isn't widely available yet. Many vendors claim to have it when what they're actually doing is supporting Microsoft's Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS), which can take up to 64 snapshots of Windows Server file volumes, but no more than one per hour. This isn't truly continuous, although it beats the standard backup of once a day. Another negative is cost: Legitimate CDP products add an expensive step to backup. They don't replace your existing backup infrastructure; they merely augment it with short-term snapshots that eventually get sent to backup.

This is a small market with massive potential. Revivio's CDP appliance protects direct-attached or SAN-attached storage systems. LiveVault also offers true CDP for backing up databases and files among different branches. IBM recently introduced CDP for Files for its Tivoli Storage Manager; it doesn't yet cover databases or e-mail, but IBM says it eventually will. XOsoft offers CDP for Microsoft Exchange and SQL, as well as Oracle databases.

In the ersatz CDP category, Microsoft began shipping its System Center Data Protection Manager (DPM) for Windows Server this year. The product can perform up to eight backups a day of Windows file servers using VSS. (Microsoft says next year this product will back up Exchange, SQL, SharePoint, and Vista.) Symantec's Continuous Protection Server, part of Backup Exec 10d, similarly supports VSS, as does EMC's latest version of RepliStor. HP's Data Protection Storage Servers are appliances composed of Microsoft DPM on a ProLiant server.

STRATEGY #3: MIGRATE GENTLY TO DISK

If you're reluctant to dispense with tape backup altogether, you might want to consider an alternative that keeps some tape in the process or mimics tape, yet offers the recovery speed and ease of use of disk. Disk-to-Disk-to-Tape (D2D2T) is a transitional step away from tape. Data is initially copied to a disk storage system and then periodically copied again to tape. A virtual tape library is a disk array and server running an application that makes the disk array look like a tape library to the backup software. This minimizes the impact on the existing backup infrastructure. Another take on this is plain old disk backupÑswapping tape drives for duplicate hard drives. In all these cases, the fact that disks and drives have become more affordable is making the shift to disk from tape possible.

D2D2T provides short-term, fast disk-based restores of files and a reduced backup window, while allowing you to continue using your tape equipment for disaster recovery and archiving.

Virtual tape libraries are an efficient way to back data up to disk. They allow defragmentation and file system management in the backup and restore process. With virtual tape libraries, there's no learning curve for the end user or storage manager these libraries look and feel like your old tape libraries. Communications product manufacturer Optelecom shifted from tape drives to a virtual tape library from Sepaton to reduce its backup windows, which shrank from 48 hours to six hours. This enabled employees to access the ERP system on weekends, whereas before that system was unavailable throughout its weekend backup.

The downside is that migrating to disk adds complexity and cost to the backup process. "There's nothing technically daunting about going to disk as your primary means of recovery," says Gartner analyst Ray Paquet. "What's daunting is justifying this to your CFO." Entry-level D2D2T systems start at around $6,000 per terabyte. While a tape library typically costs $1 to $4 per gigabyte, a virtual tape library costs around $10 to $22 per gigabyte. Tony Gaeta, director of IT at Optelecom, says his company has seen a return on its virtual tape library investment based on performance, network availability, and less wear and tear on the former tape drives, which were expensive to repair.

Another drawback is that tape withdrawal can be harder than it sounds. "I don't see tape being completely replaced anytime soon," says Eric Gil, storage and power system engineer at reseller CDW. "It's good for offsite removal, it's portable, and if WAN links go down, tape is more stable." And disk drives fail. "It's not a question of, 'Is a drive going to fail?' but 'When is it going to fail?'" he says. When he sells customers disk-based backup, they usually still want their final backup to be to a tape archive.

Almost all backup and storage vendors have begun to offer a disk alternative or augmentation. Vendors that provide D2D2T include Symantec, Computer Associates, HP, and Yosemite Technologies. Providers of virtual tape libraries include Sepaton (the company's name is "no tapes" spelled backward), EMC, and Copan Systems.

STRATEGY #4: CONSIDER GETTING A MAID

A MAID is a massive array of idle disks. This is the newest, least available, yet most talked about backup medium today. In this strategy, you back data up to a huge box of SATA drives and then shut them off until they need to be accessed. Copan (whose Revolution 200T can take on the "personality" of a virtual tape library) and Exavio are two providers of MAIDs.

The beauty of MAID is it's cheap at around $3,500 per terabyteÑabout the same price as tape (hard disk storage is typically twice as expensive as tape). It's said to improve the mean time between failure of SATA drives, which tends to be shorter than SCSI drives. Because the MAID drives aren't spinning most of the time, they break down less often and live longer than always-spinning disks. MAID also consumes less power and requires less cooling than non-idle disk arrays. Used with virtual tape library software, it provides a high-capacity, high-performance backup that doesn't have the physical issues of tape.

One negative of MAID is longer retrieval times. The idle disks require time to spin up, adding about 10 seconds to data access times versus traditional RAID arrays. Also, MAID enclosures are very large and heavy. For instance, one Copan MAID product puts 894 disks in a 10-square-foot footprint and weighs around 2,000 pounds. If a raised floor wasn't built to handle that, it will need special supports. The units are just short of impossible to move. The rack and drives ship separately, and an engineer arrives to assemble it. Finally, some drive manufacturers warn that when drives are idle, it's hard to tell whether they're working properly.

STRATEGY #5: ENCRYPT DATA BEFORE OR DURING BACKUP

This year we all read the stories about companies that had backup tapes stolen or lost while in transit to an offsite storage facility. One example is CitiFinancial, which fell victim to this when a UPS courier lost a shipment containing data on 3.9 million customers. Bank of America, Polo Ralph Lauren, and Time Warner suffered similar public relations nightmares as a result of losing private data stored on tapes, exposing customers and employees to genuine risks. A good way to prevent such fiascos is encryptionÑeither encrypt data as you back it up to tape or disk, or send encrypted data electronically to offsite storage. According to the Enterprise Strategy Group, only 7 percent of companies encrypt some backup data, and 60 percent never encrypt their backup data. But interest and activity in encryption of backup data is growing rapidly.

Encrypting tapes lets you continue your usual method of offsite archiving without the security risksÑif thieves seize your tapes, they won't be able to read them. It's a legal protection as well: State privacy breach laws stipulate that if customer data is encrypted, you don't have to disclose a break-in or theft.

Encrypting backup data and electronically transmitting it to another locationÑeither your own or a service provider'sÑhas the added benefit of relieving staff of having to deal with tapes and eliminates the need for couriers to pick up and deliver them. Retrieval of electronically transmitted data is quicker and easier than tape provided you have a WAN connection.

Tim Burch, vice president of technology services at NASA Federal Credit Union, recently began encrypting backup data and sending it to another credit union branch that acts as a disaster recovery hotsite, using software from EVault and the 128-bit Blowfish algorithm. The tapes themselves weren't encrypted previously, but the credit union transported them in locked metal boxes to its storage facility. National Credit Union Administration guidelines call for encryption of electronic member information for added assurance. Slowness hasn't been a problem, says Burch, because EVault doesn't perform a full backup every night; it does an initial full or "seed" backup, then only backs up data changes thereafter (about 10GB a night) so there are no bandwidth issues.

Despite the benefits, many companies don't encrypt customer data because it's an added expense and potentially time-consuming step in the backup process. It requires an offsite storage location to send the data to, and many companies are reluctant to relinquish control of their data to a service provider.

Among encryption providers, NeoScale Systems makes encryption appliances, and EVault, Unitrends, and Recall provide encrypted online backup solutions. Some backup software packages also offer encryption.

These five strategies aren't mutually exclusive. For instance, you can do replication (strategy #1) or use a virtual tape library (strategy #3) with a MAID (strategy #4). A best practice is to come up with an intelligently blended combination, rather than relying solely on one. In the future, look for backup strategies that incorporate Wide Area File Services (WAFS) and holographic storage.

Senior Technology Editor Penny Lunt Crosman can be reached at plunt@cmp.com.

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